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Abstract Background and objectives: Hemin is a porphyrin compound derived from hemoglobin, the precursor of other porphyrin hemoglobin derivatives and the raw material of Hematin. Since hemin is widely used in medicine, we decided primarily to synthesize this substance in Laboratory and to determine the best way of hemin extraction from untransfused and expired blood units. Materials and Methods: In the first method, Glacial acetic acid and sodium chloride were added to citrated blood and hemin crystals were extracted by means of cooling. Finally, the obtained product, by visible spectrophotometer and Infrared Spectrophotometer, was compared to standard samples. Fur thermore, citrated blood, citrated blood hemolysed by distilled water and citrated blood washed by normal saline were used comparatively as a raw material to produce Hemin. The second method was performed by adding Strontium, acetic acid and acetone to blood samples and then after precipitating Hemin crystals they were washed and dried with acetone. Results: The presence of functional groups in Hemin samples, analyzed by infrared Spectrophotometer, indicates the production of this compound. The results of visible Spectrophotometer in comparison with control samples and the results of samples weighting demonstrates high efficiency of extraction stages and the purity of obtained compound. Conclusion: The use of intact citrated blood produces more Hemin than the other kind of Citrated blood samples. Moreover, acetic acid with citrated blood, without any processing on blood, is the best way for Hemin production. Key words: strontium, Hemin, Blood, acetic acid, extraction

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Abstract Background & Objective: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the major component of the human plasma alpha-1 globulin proteins and acts as a major inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes, particularly elastase. AAT deficiency is accompanied by lung, liver and other disorders, therefore, AAT is clinically important and its precise evaluation is diagnostically critical. In present study serum AAT was evaluated by three Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis (CAE), Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity (TIC) and Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) methods and results wene compared. Materials and methods: AAT evaluation was carried out, by CAE, SRID and TIC Methods, on 318 normal sera obtained from volunteer students of Tehran Universities. Results:The results indicated: 34, 84 and 112 samples by TIC, SRID and CAE methods (with reference ranges of 2.1-3.5 mol/min/ml, 126- 226 mg/dl and 2-4.5% respectively) were abnormal 201samples by CAE and TIC were normal and 29 abnomal, 83 sera were normal by TIC and abnormal by CAE five of them were abnormal by TIC and normal by CAE 227 of the samples were normal and 29 abnormal(TIC and SRID) 57 were normal by TIC and abnormal by SRID and seven samples were abnormal by TIC and normal by SRID. Conclusion: Although CAE and alpha-1 globulin band determination are routine in clinical laboratory, they are not reliable in evaluating AAT. SRID sensitivity is more Than CAE and less Than TIC therefore, TIC is recommended as a precise and reliable method for serum AAT evaluation. Key Words: Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis, Single Radial Immunodiffusion, Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity

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Abstract Background and objectives: Poor oral hygiene in elderly people increases the colonization of opportunistic pathogens such as Candida and Staphylococci. The presence of yeasts and bacteria in the oral cavity of elderly people can be harmful and in certain conditions may cause oral and systemic infections. The general purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status, particularly the prevalence of Candida and Staphylococcus species in the oral cavity of elderly people in Yazd. Materials and methods: Oral Saliva was aseptically collected from seventytwo elderly individuals and cultured on selective fungal and bacterial media. The density of isolated microorganisms Such as Candida and Staphylococcus species was determined base on colony forming units (CFU) and identified through the biochemical and microbiological tests. Results: Fifty- eight percent of Candida species isolated from 50 (69.4%) of the subjects were Candida albicans .70.8 percentage of Staphylococcus species isolated from 65 (90.3%) of elderly are Coagulase negative. The Candida colonization in denture users is significantly higher than the elderly without denture (p= 0.001). C. albicans and the Coagulase negative staphylococcus are the most prevalent microorganisms isolated from elderly oral cavity in this study. Conclusion: The elderly have a higher risk of opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections. Their oral health care should be improved to protect them from opportunistic infections. Key words: Elderly, Candida, Staphylococcus, oral cavity, Yazd

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Women of reproductive age are at risk of Iron deficiency. Some Studies reported That There is a relationship between Body indices and iron. Iron overload is also harmful. It enhances the risk of cardiovascular disease which is due to increased Lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and iron status in women of reproductive age. Material and Methods: In this case-control study, the relationship between iron status and obesity in women of reproductive age was studied in 35 obese (BMIِ≥30kg/m²) and 35 non-obese (BMI=19-25kg/m²) women matched by age. Demographic data was gathered by a questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each subject. After taking Venous blood samples and separating plasma, we investigated iron status by measuring hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma iron and ferritin concentrations. Results: Although no difference is observed in plasma iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), the results of obese group show significant higher hemoglobin (137 ± 8 versus 129 ± 7 g/L, p<0.05), hematocrit (0.41 ± 0.02 versus 0.38 ± 0.03, p<0.05), and plasma ferritin concentrations (49.3 ± 32.2 versus 28.6 ± 19.7µg/L, p<0.001). In addition, BMI was positively correlated with hemoglobin (rho=0.29, p<0.001), hematocrit (rho=0.28, p<0.001), and plasma ferritin concentrations (rho=0.39, p<0.0001). Conclusion: we conclude that obese women of reproductive age have higher iron stores than the non-obese women. Therefore, obese- reproductive women are at low risk of depleting iron stores. On the other hand, systematic iron-fortification programs may enhance the prevalence of iron overload in these subjects. Keywords: Obesity, iron status, reproductive age women

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Abstract Background and objectives: Today, specialists who are responsible for controlling infection in hospital use different disinfectants for instrument used in hospital to prevent from transmitting infection. The spectrum of antimicrobial effect, the condition of exploiting, the time of efficiency, the effect on environment, the destructive effect on metal and plastic materials etc. are different therefore, we did this study to determine the antimicrobial effect of five disinfectants on those special resistant bacterial strains. Material and Methods: In the current study the antimicrobial effects of five disinfectant solutions including Nanocide, Anizosin, Sulfanidis, Micros 10, and Colloid on hospital resistant strains by concentrations of 0.5 and 1 McFarland Were examined and evaluated. The concentration of disinfectants was prepared according to proposed protocol by manufacturing company. The time of contact with bacteria was defined in three times (the proposed time by company, less and more than porposed time by company). Results: Nanocide haven't shown any inhibitory effect on resistant strains in none of the three times but Colloid indicates its effect only in more than proposed time. Anizosin in all three times have inhibitory effect on S.aureus in concentration 0.5 and 1 McFarland. Sulfanidis and Micros to have prevented from the growth of resistant strains in all three times. Conclusion: It has been determined that disinfectant Micros 10 made of ammonium chloride stands as first degree of quality and Sulfanidis made of poly hegza methylen bigouanid hydrochloride stands as second degree of quality with respect to proper antibacterial effect for the purpose of disinfecting. Key words: Disinfectant, antiseptic, Staphylococcus auras,Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Diarrhea is one of the most common diseases in the world. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the prevalent agents of bacterial diarrhea in most of developing countries. It is usually ignored in routine laboratory test in our country, because it has a difficult investigation method. This article aims to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, in diarrhea samples in Gorgan City (East north of Iran) by PCR Method. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 455 diarrheal samples during one year (2005-06).255 out of them were cultured on Preston media (Himedia co.) on 42°c. DNA Extracted by phenol cholorophorm method was directly carried out on stool samples.16srDNA hipo and asp primers for detection of Campylobacter genus, C.jejuni and C.coli species were used, respectively. In addition, universal primer of 16srDNA was used for control of PCR method. Results: no sample was positive for Campylobacter in culture .only three samples were positive for Campylobacter genus and C.jejuni specific primer but none of them were positive for C.coli .99 samples were positive by universal primer of 16srDNA . Conclusion: The results indicate that C.jejuni isn't a prevalent agent in diarrhea in our region. Key words: Campylobacter jejuni -Gorgan- Diarrhea

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Abstract Background and objectives: Dendritic Cells are the most important of antigen presenting cells with an effective role in immune tolerance. This study, aims to clarify the role of IFN- β in induction on dendritic cells derived by monocyte in diabetes type1 to evaluate the T cells response to beta cell specific antigenic molecule. Material and Methods: In this research, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by phiCole and then dendritic cells generated from blood monocytes ,in Seven days, by adding granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 with or without IFN-beta. MRNA was extracted by dendritic cells and cDNA was produced by reverse transcriptase enzyme. Then, Specific polymerase chain reaction for HLA-G was performed. In addition, Tcell proliferation with a mixed Leukocytic reaction evaluated between dendritic cell and T by means of MTT. Results: based on the results, IFN-β induces HLA-G molecule on dendritic cells. In addition, T cell proliferation responses in mixed leukocyte culture show significance difference between Case and control p<0.05. T cell proliferation was inhibited in their co-culture system affected by IFN-β Conclusion: In this study, we show that dendritic cells-treated IFN-β with expression of HLA-G molecule inhibited T cell proliferation and so, our results suggest that some of the IFN- β regulatory effects with expression of HLA-G can probably prevent from beta cell destruction. Key words: dendritic cells, Interferon Beta, Human Leukocytic Antigen-G.

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Abstract Background and objectives: With almost nine million new cases each year, tuberculosis is still one of the most Life-threatening diseases in the World. Distribution of drug resistant strains of M.tuberculosis has a lot of importance. This research was carried out to determine the frequency of drug resistance of M. tuberculosis in strains isolated in Golestan province. Material and Methods: In this cross -sectional study, 104 isolate of M.tuberculosis which isolated from patients referred to Gorgan tuberculosis Health Center, in 2008 were studied. DNA was extracted by Boiling Method. By using PCR method, we determine the M.tubeculosis strain and resistance to Rifampin (Using IS6110 and Gene rpoB primers) and resistance to Isoniazid (Using InhA and KatG primers). As a Gold Standandard, “Proportional method” was performed for 45 Samples. Results: 87 strains were identified as M.tuberculosis. 6.9% of them were resistant to Isoniazid, 4.6% to Rifampin and 2.3% to both (MDR).Sensitivity and Specifity of PCR method in detection of resistant to Isoniazid were 95.3% and 57.1% and for Rifampin were 94.7% and 33.3%. Conclusion: We found that in our region, the MDR is not very common. More than 16% of isolated strains from tuberculosis suspected patients were MOTT, for this reason it is necessary to mention that use biochemical or PCR method to determine M.tuberculosis is necessary. Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MDR, PCR, Proportional method , Golestan province.

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Abstract Background and objectives: The aim of this study was the detection of S.pneumoniae infection by rapid urinary test and blood culture in children with pneumonia in comparison with healthy children. Material and Methods: This case control study was carried out in pediatric ward of Rasoul Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran (2006 - 200٧).Fifty-four Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 50 healthy children were selected by simple sampling. The urinary antigen detection test (BINAX NOW co.) was performed on both cases and controls and blood culture was done for the cases suffered from Pneumonia. Results: Pneumococcal antigenuria is detected in 31.5 % of CAP and 6 % of controls groups. There is Significant difference between cases and controls (fisher test CI 95%, P =0.01). None of the children with nonpneumococcal Pneumonia (positive culture) has antigenuria. Conclusion: The possibility of diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in children, by means of blood culture, is low. Thirty-one percent of CAP is due to S.pneumonia, by using the rapid antigenuria test. There fore, we recommend using rapid urinary antigen test, in addition to blood Culture test. Key words: CAP (community-acquired pneumonia) S pneumoniae urinary antigen test (BINAX now), Blood culture, Children

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Spring summer 2010, Vol.4, No.1 /74 Medical Laboratory Journal Severity of Oxidative DNA Damage in Gastric Tissue of Smoker and Non-smoker Patients with Dyspepsia Abstract Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is associated with an increase in risk of peptic ulcer and Gastro-Intestinal cancer. Toxic materials in smoke and tar have a significant role in production of carcinogenic complexes, injury to DNA and cellular proliferation in gastric cancer. The study was designed to compare the rate of injury to DNA in gastric tissue of smoker and non-smoker patients with active peptic ulcer. Material and Methods: In this Case-Control study, the case group composed of 43 smoker patients aged 45.30±13.16 with active peptic ulcer (14 female & 29 male) referred to gastroenterology clinic. The first control group consisted of 43 non-smokers without peptic ulcer (13 female & 30 male) with mean age of 42.67±16.04, and the second control group included 43 smokers without peptic ulcer (16 female & 27 male) with mean age of 44.58±12.07, and the third ones had 43 non-smoker patients with active peptic ulcer (20 female & 23 male) with mean age of 45.37±13.39. The rate of gastric mucosa DNA damage in the four groups was measured by calorimetrically method. Results: The DNA damage in gastric mucosa of smoker patients with active peptic ulcer(28.05±5.54 AP/100000bp) is higher than those of the three control groups (p<0.0001 in all case). Conclusion: Results of this study approve the direct relation between increase in DNA damage and toxic complexes existing in smoke and tar of cigarette. Key Words:Cigarette Smoking, DNA Damage, Active Peptic Ulcer Dolatkhah H Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Somi MH Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Fattahi E Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Estakhri R Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Dolatkhah N Talegani Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Mirza-Aghazadeh A Dept. of Basic Sciences, Paramedical Faculty , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Nourazarian,M Clinical Laboratory of Emam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Pourasghari B Clinical Laboratory of Emam Reza Hospital,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Corresponding: Dolatkhah, H E-mail: dolatkhahh@gmail.com

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Abstract Background and objectives: Beta-lactamase enzymes are the most causes of resistance to antibiotics among gram-negative bacteria. Nowadays, Infections due to ESBLs are being increased throughout the world and is considered as a new burden to the health systems. This study aimed at determining the sensitivity pattern of E.coli isolates to beta-lactam antibiotics, and investigating the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes in the urine samples. . Material and Methods: In this study, 244 E.coli isolates were screened in 2009-2010. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates were determined by disc-diffusion method. Antimicrobial agents tested were cefoxatime, ceftazidime, imipenem, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The combined disc test was used to confirm the results. The results were compared to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and ESBL positive isolates were further investigated for the presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes by PCR. Results: Of 244 E. coli isolates, 116 (47.1%) are resistant to Ceftazidime, and 96 (39.2%) to cefoxatime. Also, 109 (44.3%) isolates are ESBL positive. blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes are found among 95 (87.1%), 75 (68.8%), and 77 (70.6%) ESBL positive isolates, respectively. Forty (36.6%) isolates have all three genes, while 68 (62.3%) include blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Moreover, 61 (55.9%) isolates carry blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes, and 54(49.5%) have blactx-M and blashv. Conclusion: Regarding the high frequency of resistance to the third generation cephalosporin antibiotics, precise antibiogram testing is highly recommended before any antibiotic prescription in cases of infections with ESBL producing microorganisms. Key words: ESBL Escherichia coli blaCTX-M blaTEM blaSHV.

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Abstract

Bachground and objectives:

micro-organisms, usually made from strains of the genera

Probiotics are nonpathogenic and beneficialLactobacillus and

Bifidobacterium. The probiotics are known as dietary supplements withLactobacillus and

Bifidobacterium , in sufficient quantities and specific compound, are used for

Material and Methods:

obtained from dairy products, yogurt, grains cheese, saffron flower, fresh

pinto beans, red beans, fresh green beans . All samples were incubated in

MRS Agar cultures at 42, 37, and 25

isolated, concentrated, and lyophilized. Finally the differential recognition

was performed in deferential cultures.

In this cross-sectional study 100 Samples were°c for two days, and then bacteria were

Results

isolated. Lactobacillus delbrueki and L.bulgaris(each 10 cases)

(8 cases) and L .casei (5 cases) are the most prevalent Lactobacillus strains.

Lactococcus themrophilus the most frequent Lactococcus where isolated in

this study.

: Of 100 food samples 19 Lactobacillus and Lactococcus strains were، L.salivarius

Conclusion:

especially Lactobacillus strains are presented in foods. It is recommended that

these probiotics be isolated and proliferated and used in industry and also for

therapeutic purposes.

Based on the results of this study, many kinds of probiotics

Key words:

probiotic, Lactobacillus, foods

therapeutic purposes and food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate

the frequency of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus strains in food stuffs cities in

Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran.

beneficial effects on consumer health. In some countries,

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Abstract Bachground and objectives: The ability of adherence to the surface of host cell is very critical in the colonization of microbial pathogens. It has been revealed that E. coli strains that infect urinary tracts have different fimbrea such as I, S, FIC, Dr, and fimbrial adhesions. Material and Methods: In this study, 363 urine samples were obtained from patients with urinary tract infections reffered to clinical laboratories in Western areas of Tehran ,2008-2010 by using biochemical tests,200 samples were confirmed to be E.coli.First, DNA was extracted by boiling method and then the presence of fimbria fim, sfa, pap, foc, and afa genes tested by PCR. Results: In 200 samples, the frequency of fimbria fim, sfa, pap, foc, and afa genes are188 (%94 ), 34 (%17), 20 (%10), 61 (%31) and 71 (%35.5), respectively. Conclusion: The resultes show that FIM ans SFA are the most fimbrial genes of E. coli isolated from urine samples .This information can be valuable in etiology of urinary tract infection (UTI), UTI administration, and making of new vaccines. Key words: Urinary tract infection, fimbria, Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)

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Abstract Background and objectives: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) strains have been identified by serologic methods based on surface protein antigens, T and M. Accordingly, different serotypes have been reported worldwide. Recently, the previous out of date procedures have been replaced by N-terminal emm gene sequence, which has been used in identifying more than 150 emm types. We aimed to determine the prevalence of emm types and phenotypes resistance to erythromycin among streptococci isolated from the throat in north of Iran. Material and Methods: 50 GAS isolates from sore throat of patients referred to a few local hospitals in Tonekabon, Ramsar, and Chalus in northwest of Iran (2010-2011), by using blood agar, bacitracin sensitivity test, PYR test and agglutination by specific antiserum. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined by the discs branded by Iranian Padtan Teb Company, using Kirby Bauer Test, and analyzed by CLSI standards. The mechanism of resistance to erythromycin was evaluated by Double Disk Diffusion Test in the presence of erythromycin and clindamycin. emm gene of all isolates were reproduced and their PCR products sequenced by the Korean Macrogen company. To determine the emm types, using BLAST2.0 program (National Center for Biotechnology Information, available in WWW.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / BLAST), and the emm gene sequences were compared with sequences in the gene bank. Results: we identified Four different types of emm, including e mm5 (26 52 %), emm12 (12 24%), emm79 (6 % 12) and emm86 (6 % 12). All beta lactam antibiotics have inhibitory effect on isolates, while18% of isolates (9 of 50) are resistant to erythromycin. The most common resistance phenotype is cMLSB (% 66.6) and the next one is phenotype M (% 33.3), but phenotype iMLSB is not observed in none of the isolates. Twelve percent (6cases) of isolates are resistant to clindamycin. Conclusion: The results of present study show different types of GAS than those reported worldwide. The emergences of emm86 in pharyngitis and erythromycin resistance are the two valuable findings of this research. Keywords:Streotococcus pyogenes,erythromycin,cMLSB,iMLSB

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Abstract Background and objectives: Identification and monitoring of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (MDR) is highlighted by the high risk of their spreading in different areas. Prevalence of these strains was evaluated in Golestan province in northeast of Iran. Material and Methods: Drug susceptibility testing to Isoniazid and rifampin was carried out for 148 clinical samples that had grown in Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) system, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Becton-Dickinson, USA). The association of drug resistance frequency with demographic characteristics and growth time were investigated. The appropriate statistical tests, X2 and student T- test were performed for comparison of these variants. A p value>0.05 was considered significant in all cases. Results: The turnaround time required for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in MGIT system was between 2 to 55 days (mean 16.3±10.4 days). Of all samples studied, 17.6% and 3.4% were resistant to Isoniazid and rifampin, respectively, and 3.4% (5 samples) were MDR (CI 95% 1-6%). The turnaround time required for determining MDR cases was 9.6 days. No statistically significant association was found between the resistance to the drugs and none of the factors including sex, age, type of clinical sample, and positivity of the smear. Conclusion: The prevalence of MDR in the studied region was determined to be 3.4% which is similar to the country-wide evaluations. The turnaround time for Mycobacterium growth and anti drug susceptibility result can be shortened by MGIT method. Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube, Multidrug Resistant

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Abstract Background and objectives: Genomic DNA extraction of bacterial cells is of processes performed normally in most biological laboratories therefore, various methods have been offered, manually and kit, which may be time consuming and costly. In this paper, genomic DNA extraction of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using some laundry detergent brands available in Iran to achieve a rapid and cost effective method. Material and Methods: five-enzyme Taj brand, three-enzyme Saftlan brand ,and Darya and Pak brands without enzyme were used in the concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 mg/L. Afterwards, in order to evaluate the efficiency of extracted DNA in downstream processing, PCR test was performed for femA gene in the genome of Staphylococcus aureus. Results: DNA extraction using different concentrations of the brands show that extracted DNA using 40 mg/L Saftlan and Taj brand powders have the best results according concentration (µg/ml) and purity (A260/A280) parameters. These parameters are 387.5 1.88 (Taj), 254.1 2.80 (Softlan), 396.6 1.95 (Manual) and 423.3 2.2 (Kit), respectively. Afterward, the PCR test results by show that DNA extraction using laundry detergents has no effect on its efficiency in order to be used in downstream processes. Conclusion: These results indicate that the proper concentrations of laundry detergents can be used to extract genomic DNA with similar efficiency to kit and manual extraction methods. Key words: Bacterial genome, DNA extraction, laundry powder, PCR, Staphylococcus aureus

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Abstract Background and objectives: C-Met is a proto-oncogene that encodes a protein known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR). The HGF receptor possesses tyrosine -kinase activity and it is essential for embryonic development, wound healing and cancer. Many proteins are proteolytically released from the surface by a process known as ectodomain shedding. Shedding occurs under normal physiologic conditions and can be increased in certain pathologies. C-Met can be seen among many receptors for which ectodomain shedding has been shown. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of soluble c-Met in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of patients with viral and bacterial meningitis. Material and Methods: in this study, 75 CSF and serum samples of patients with bacterial meningitis, 71 with viral meningitis and 82 normal controls were investigated. The soluble c-Met concentration was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: the amount of soluble c-met in CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis ( 83.91±5.50), viral meningitis ( 80.41±4.71) and control group ( 22.66±3.39) are compared with that in serum of patients with bacterial meningitis ( 561.58±25.87), viral meningitis ( 550.50 ±34.34) and control group ( 256.25±18.55). There is significant increase in the CSF and serum’s soluble c-Met expression in the patients with meningitis, in comparison with control group. Conclusion: The data presented here indicate that soluble c-Met is a constant component of human serum and CSF, but it can not be used for differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis. Key words: Soluble c-Met, concentration, cerebrospinal fluid, serum, meningitis

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Abstract Background and objectives: cardiac surgery is often associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Nowadays, AKI is typically diagnosed by an increase in serum creatinine, which is a delayed and unreliable biomarker. Recent studies recommended using the liver type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) as an early biomarker. Material and Methods: The urine samples of 18 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery were collected in different times before (2, 4,8,24 hour) and after cardiac surgery for detection of L-FABP by Elisa. Results: The results from ELISA test show that the increasing amount of L-FABP in urine samples of 4 patients is a diagnostic indicator for AKI. The mean concentration of L-FABP has increased up to 17 times at 8 hours after cardiac surgery compared to before surgery. Conclusion: according to our findings, we speculated that the urinary L-FABP can be a reliable and rapid biomarker for diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Key words: Acute Kidney Injury, Liver type Fatty Acid Binding Protein, Cardiac surgery

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Abstract Background and objectives: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. It is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and alternation of bowel habits with no structural abnormality. The prevalence of this disease was estimated 10-20 percent in the world. However, the cause of IBS is still unknown. Regarding to intestinal absorption disorder of nutrients, the malabsorption of vitamin may occur. The aim of this study is to evaluate serum levels of vitamins A and E in IBS patients. Materials & Methods: This case - control study was done on 94 patients whom their IBS disease were confirmed by a gastroenterologist in Golestan province. The control group was selected from healthy people, who didn't show any signs of digestive problems in past two years. The age and sex were matched with the cases group. Using HPLC method, Fasting blood samples were collected .Followed by measurement of Serum levels of vitamins A and E. Results: the meanserum levels of vitamin A and E in patients and control group were 57.0 ± 114.8μg / dl and23.8 ± 55.9 μg / dl, and 0.50 ± 0.24 mg / dl and 1.93 ± 1.86 mg / dl, respectively. (P <0.05). in men, the deficiency of Vitamin A and E, were7.70 and 7.10 percent and 6.76 and 3.7 in women. (P <0.05).In general, 1.1percent of IBS patients showed Vitamin A deficiency and 93.6 percent of them had vitamin E deficiency (P <0.05). Conclusion: In this study, a significant decrease in vitamin E levels was observed in patients with IBS. Due to antioxidant activity of vitamin E, the deficiency of this Vitamin, can increase the oxidative factors leading to intestinal damages and it is expected to decrease the amount of vitamins, subsequently Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Gorgan

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Abstract Background and Objective: One of the most common diseases of keratin tissues is dermatophytosis caused by dermatophyte fungi. Because of being contagious, it has a high prevalence rate in wrestling and body building gyms. This study was designed to evaluate the process of this disease and improve the hygiene of halls. Material and Methods: The Samples (N= 540) were obtained from athletes and gyms, and a questionnaire was used to gather information. To identify various specious of dermatophyte, the routine diagnostic procedures, culture media, and supplementary tests were performed. Results: Of samples taken from athletes, 59 wrestlers and 11 body builders suffer from dermatophytosis. Trichophytontonsurans (%28.81) and Epidermophytonfloccosum (%36.36) are the main isolates in wrestlers and body builders. Also the rate of epidermophytonfloccosum (%37.5) is the highest in the samples taken from gym mats and halls. Conclusion: Because of high prevalence of dermatophytosis, pay attention to increase of hygiene and training courses for coaches and athletes are crucially important. Keywords: Dermatophytosis Wrestling and Body Building Halls Challous