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Abstract Background and objective: Exposure of red blood cells to oxygen radicals can induce Lipid proxidation, hemoglobin damage and hemolysis of erythrocyte .The present study was designed to determine the alteration of plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme activities in stored blood and to find out the quantitative alterations and the useful length of stored blood. Materials and Methods: First, the whole blood form 10 donors was taken. Then Red Blood Cells(RBC) were counted, the levels of Potassium(P) and lactate dehydrogenate activity(LDH) were measured to determine the amount of hemolysis, the plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase(GPx) were studied for determination of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities at the days of 0,1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33 and 35 of the storage. Results: upon storage time, the plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Potassium and lactate dehydrogenate activity increased (P< 0.05) whereas erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme activities and Red Blood Cells decreased (P< 0.05). The alterations of MDA, SOD, GPx, P, LDH and RBC in the measurement days were as follows: MDA, P and LDH significantly increased at the day of 9, 5 and 5 whereas SOD,
GPx and RBC decreased at the day of 11, 7 and 29 respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the increased level of MDA and decreased SOD and GPx in stored blood can cause the beginning of hemolysis of erythrocyte therefore, it is necessary to control these factors before storing the donated blood. Keywords: lipid peroxidation, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase

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Abstract Background and objectives: Influenza virus is the sixth cause of death in the world. We cannot differentiate it from other respiratory viruses upon clinical signs alone. This study was aimed at determining the frequency of influenza A&B antigen in pharyngeal secretion of children with upper Respiratory Infection (URI). Materials and methods: This cross sectional -descriptive study was done in pediatrics clinic of Rasoul hospital and Shahid Heidari clinic, Tehran (2006-2007). We studied the immunochromatography 149 children aged less than 14 years with URI. Rapid test was performed on pharyngeal samples of all cases. We used independent T test to compare the means of variables. (CI 95%, p<0.05). Results: The Signs of the studied children are fever (58.4%), sore throat (60.4%), coughing, runny nose and hoarseness (45%) and gastric signs (<20%) while in Influenza cases, they are 86.7%, 40% and 40% respectively. Fifteen (10.1%) of the subjects have positive rapid influenza test. The average age of the influenza case is 80 months, which is not significantly different from non-influenza cases. While no under one-year-old child has Positive influenza test, by increasing age the number of positive test is increased. As the frequency in children, aged over 10 is increased to 15.4%. There is significant difference between positive influenza test and signs such as fever, sore throat and previous antibiotic usage (p<0.5). Conclusion: Although this study was not done in epidemic period for influenza, it indicated Influenza as the etiology of 10.6% of URI. Since the cost for prevention and treatment of influenza is high and drug resistance is problematic, we can decrease the URI in non-epidemic period by mass vaccination in children, at least in high-risk cases. Key words: URI (upper respiratory infection), Influenza virus, rapid Immunochromatography Influenza test, Influenza vaccine.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Germ tube-producing ability of C.albicans in human serum is one of the most important virulent factors inducing transformation yeast to mycelia form. This phenomenon can be altered by some environmental and nutritional factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature, pH and glucose concentrations in germ tube formation of C. albicans in an in vitro system. Material and Methods: The germ tube production test in human serum (with normal glucose titer) in different temperature, pH, and glucose concentrations was conducted invitro using standard strain of C. albicans (ATCC 10231). The average number of cells with germ tube after 2 hours and the rate of yeastmycelial transition were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. Results: Maximum germ tube production rate is seen in temperature of 37°C, pH of 6.5 and glucose concentration of 30 mg/ml (P= 0.0001) and also germ tube is seen in earliest time in these conditions in invitro. Conclusion: It seems that these environmental and nutritional factors in human body particularly in diabetics can make this fungus to produce germ tube and invade to the different tissues. Key words: Candida Albicans, germ tube, in vitro, Temperature, pH, Glucose

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Abstract Background and objectives: A major problem for labs. esp. medico legal centers is drug test false positive and negative results. Using carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or oral contraceptive pills (OCP) are common among addict people to make the results negative. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the effect of carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or OCP on morphine urine test. Material and Methods: We performed this pre-experimental study on the urine samples of all people referred to narcotic drug laboratory of Markazi province during May of 2005. Of 2110 urine samples, the Morphine Rapid Test of 208 samples was positive. Then by means of TLC method, we confirmed the presence of morphine metabolites in 150 urine samples. After that, we divided these samples into three equal groups for adding carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or OCP. Results: The results show that in carbon paper group, 41 cases are positive and nine cases unclear. In sodium bicarbonate group, 45 samples are positive and 5 cases unclear. In estrogen conjugate group, all 50 samples are positive. Conclusion: According to this study, adding carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or oral contraceptive pills cannot make negative the Morphine Rapid Test result. Key words: Morphine Rapid Test, Carbon paper, Sodium bicarbonate, Oral contraceptive pill.

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Abstract Bachground and objectives: Improvement of the effectiveness of services is one of the most important strategies in many clinical and research laboratory centers. The increased client satisfaction (researchers or patients), resource development innovation efficacy, continuity of services and income are also the important strategies of these centers. For achieving these strategies, we combined the qualitative and the quantitative approaches to evaluate the effective model based on frameworks of the Balance Scorecard (BSC) and the Laboratory Quality Management Systems (LQMS). Material and Methods: This paper describes the basic steps required for designing and developing of a model for performance measurement in laboratory centers. For model validation, the relationship between the criteria, the strategies and the strategic objectives was evaluated using both the AHP method and the evaluation by the experts. Results: Implementation of the above mentioned model, conducted in one of the largest Laboratory centers, has resulted in a remarkable enhancement in the efficiency (22%), profit (33%), and level of quality of service (27%) and in the clients' satisfaction (4%). Conclusion: This research model is a valuable tool for effective evaluation and continuous improvement of the clinical and research laboratory centers. Applying this model leads to increased resource productivity as well as the clients and community satisfaction from the laboratories services. Key words: Laboratory Centers, Performance Management, Balance Scorecard (BSC), Laboratory Quality Management Systems (LQMS)

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Abstract Background and objectives: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is one of the most well-known disease in the world .It is not only A heaththrapeutic problem but also with politic ,social, cultural and economic aspects. Paying attention to high-risk groups such as Lab staff is important. we decided to study and compare the knowledge of public and private Laboratories staff. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study, descriptive-analytic,was conducted on 350 personnel of private laboratories and educational centers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,2011.We collected Information by using a questionnaire including three parts of demographic characteristic questions, questions about knowledge in different fields of AIDS and those related to the performance of personnel. The results were reported as tables and graphs and analyzed by ANOVA,t-test and square. Results: The data, in different areas of AIDS, in public and private laboratories are similar and the difference statistically is not significant. Regarding to symptoms and treatment, the knowledge of privale Lab staff is higher than stste ones and this difference is significant (P=0.01).As a whole,the results show the knowledge of staff about the transmission modes(92.7%),the pathologic agent(99.2%),at risk people (61.2%)and preventive measure (53.1%).both group have good practice in wearing gloves and using disposable syringes.Regarding to disposing infectious waste material,private and state center practice are 92.6% and 77%,respectively. Conclusion: Based on the result,the knowledge relating to preventive procedures and at risk people of AIDS is not enough.Thereforeit is a necessity to hold in service training for Lab staff,stressing on disposing infectious waste materials. Key words: AIDS, laboratory personnel, knowledge, practice

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Abstract Background and objectives: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal disorder characterized by increased levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The FH clinical phenotype has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and premature death. The mutation in LDLR gene in most cases is responsible for FH phenotype. Furthermore, other gene mutations such as apolipoprotein B- gene may cause similar results. Preliminary research indicates that the FH phenotype is also influenced by other genetic and environmental Factors therefore, routine clinical analysis such as total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in serum, for early diagnosis and treatment, are not sufficient. Molecular diagnostic investigations, because of high specifity and sensitivity near %100, administered for determining the prevalent mutations in LDLR (and probably other genes) are needed for exact diagnosis and accurate therapy. Currently, PCR-SSCP and southern blotting techniques are among the common techniques that could detect major mutations in gene. Because of wide diversity in kinds of mutations in LDLR gene, we recommend, first, determining the proband's mutation and kinds of mutation, then, performing routine test based on type of mutation. Key words: Familial hyperlipoproteinemia, LDL-R gene molecular diagnosis, mutation, Molecular Diagnostic Method

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Abstract Background and objective: In recent years, the resistance of opportunistic fungal strains to commercially available antifungal agents has been increased. The serious side effects of these compounds on mammalian cells forced the researchers to search for new antifungal substances. Thus we decided to investigate the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles against Aspergillusfumigatus. Materials & Methods: To investigate the antifungal effect of the round silver nanoparticles with 10nm diameter against Aspergillusfumigatus, the diameter of colonies after 8 days as well as the number of colonies in different days was determined, using direct drop test. After that, to measure the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC) values of silver nanoparticles and fluconazole, Micro Dilution Broth method was performed. At the end, the MIC and MFC values of silver nanoparticles were compared to MIC and MFC of fluconazole. Results: The results obtained from direct drop test confirm that the silver nanoparticles can decrease the diameter of fungal colonies in dose dependent manner. The data of silver nanoparticles on the number of colonies in different days shows that the number of colonies increases up to sixth day and then becomes fixed. Based on the results of Micro Dilution Broth method, the MIC and the MFC values of this component are 31.25 and 62.5ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The present study confirms that silver nanoparticles with 10nm diameter have antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigates. Key words: Silver nanoparticles, Aspergillusfumigatus, Antifungal activity.

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Abstract Background and Objective: One of the diabetes complications is the tissue damage caused by the imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants (oxidative stress). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activity of two antioxidant enzymes -superoxide dismutase and catalase- in the serum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: This investigation was conducted on adult male rats assigned to diabetic and control groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Seven weeks after diabetes induction, glucose concentration, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the serum were assessed. Results: Glucose concentration of streptozotocin-injected animals was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.001). The level of Serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in diabetes group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.01). There was a positive significant correlation between glucose concentration and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (P<0.001). Conclusion: The high activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats is probably due to compensation responses to oxidative stress produced by high concentration of free radicals. It seems that the higher glucose concentration, the greater compensatory responses. Keywords: Diabetes, Streptozotocin, Antioxidant, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase

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Abstract Background and Objective: Flavonoids play an important role in non-enzymatic reaction against oxidative stress. These are polyphenolic compounds in tea structure that could be reacted with free radicals and neutralized them. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant impact of Camellia Sinesis on the liver of thioacetamide -injected male albino mice. Material and Methods: In this study, 40 male mice were categorized in five groups of eight. The first group was control. The second and the third group received 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg of thioacetamide, respectively. The fourth group received 100mg/kg thioacetamide followed by black tea (5 gr/100) and the fifth one received 150mg/kg thioacetamide followed by black tea (5 gr/100). Tioacetamide was given via intraperitoneal. After that, for 30 days, they were only fed on black tea (5 gr/100). At the end, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured. Results: Based on the results, catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity were significantly increased in the groups of Thioacetamide and black tea compared to those of only Thioacetamide groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The increase of these enzymes in tea groups shows the anti-oxidant effect of black tea that can be caused by Catechin. Keywords: Antioxidant Thioacetamide Black Tea Glutathione Peroxidase Catalase

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Abstract Background and Objective: Laboratory personnel have always accidental exposure to clinical samples, which can cause the transmission of infection. This threat can be prevented and controlled by education for the use of safety instruments. The purpose was to determine the frequency of accidental exposure to laboratory samples among Yazd laboratory personnel in 2011. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 of Yazd clinical laboratory personnel. The data was collected, using a valid and reliable questioner, via interview and analyzed by means of SPSS software. Results: Eighty-six percent of the subjects reported an experience of accidental exposure to clinical samples, such as blood, serum and urine. The causes were carelessness (41%) and work overload (29%). Needle- stick was the most prevalent injury (52%) particularly in sampler workers (51%) and in their hands (69%). There wasn’t significant relationship between accidental exposure to laboratory samples and the variables such as private and governmental laboratories (p=0.517), kind of employment (p=0.411), record of services (p=0.439) and academic degree (p=0.454). The subjects aged 20-29 (p=0.034) and worked in sampling unit had the highest accidental exposure. Conclusion: Based on the results, inexperience of the personnel especially in sampling room, overload at work and ignorance of applying safety instruments are known as the most important reasons for accidental exposure to clinical samples. Keywords: Contamination Accidental Exposure Infectious Agents Laboratory Personnel

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Abstract Background and Objective: the plants with the less side effects and drug resistance have been used worldwide. In this study, we compared the inhibitory effects of nanocopper and essential oil of Melissa officinalisL.a on E.coli and S.mutans in In Vitro condition. Material and Methods: for studying diameter of inhibitory zone, disk agar diffusion method was used. Then, antibacterial effects of these substances were evaluated by treating them for 24 hours in Nanocopper particles (concentration of 100 and 500 ppm) and essential oil (12.5% to 100%), and analyzed by ANOVA. Results: twenty-four hours after treatment, nanocopper had no inhibitory effect on these bacteria. However, the diameter of inhibitory zone for E.coli and S.mutans was 31.30±0.13mm and 16.30±0.13mm, respectively. There was not any synergistic effect between different concentrations of this plant and 500ppm of nanocopper after 24 hours of treatment on E.coli. But for S. Mutans, the diameter of inhibitory zone for mixture of 50% & 25% essential oil and 500ppm concentration of nanocupper was increased significantly compared to only essential oil (p=0.001,p=0.01). Conclusion: based on the findings, nanocopper particles and essential oil of Melissa officinalis L.a have not any synergic effects on E.coli, but with some concentrations of this plant the reverse is true on S.mutans. Keywords: Essential Oil of Melissa Officinalis, Nanocopper Particles, E.Coli, S.Mutans

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Abstract Background and Objective: Imbalance Between antioxidant defensive system and increased production of free radicals leads to oxidative stress that can be effective in making cellular damage and causing some diseases such as diabetes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of eight-week purslane extract consumption on some peroxidant and antioxidants indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: The Participants were 16 women with type 2 diabetes who had not the history of once a week regular physical activity program, in previous five years. They were randomly divided into two groups of experimental, purslane supplementation for eight weeks, and control. Blood sampling was performed in two stages. Results: After eight weeks of purslane consumption, resting levels of MDA, SOD and CAT in Supplementation group showed a significant decrease compared to those of control group. Conclusion: Purslane consumption can improve peroxidant/antioxidant balance in women with type2 diabetes. Key words: Purslane, Peroxidant Balance, Antioxidant, Type 2 Diabetes

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to Fluoroquinolone drugs affecting effectively on gram-negative bacterial infectious. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin in the spermatogenesis period. Material and Methods: The subjects were 20 male wistar rat randomly divided in to control (n=10) and experimental group (n=10), given 12.5mg/kg ciprofloxacin (soluble in drinking water) in spermatogenesis period. On the day of 28, the sperm was collected from cauda epididymis and sent for analysis. Results: Based on light microscopic observation and statistical analysis, the majority of seminiferous tubules of control group were healthy, in Sc 8-9 stage. But in test group, sertoli cell degeneration and absence of sex cells were confirmed, and in some parts, just basal layer of seminiferous tubule was remained in Sc 3-5 stage. Conclusion: Sex hormones (LH and FSH) and spermatogenesis (sperm count, motility and viability) were significantly decreased in test group compared to those of controls (P<0.05). Ciprofloxacin has some adverse effects on sperm related variables in 28 day period. Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Sperm, Sex Hormones

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Abstract Background and Objective: Perchloroethylene (PCE) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a solvent in many industrial processes. In contaminated water and soil a great deal of PCE is found. This study aimed to determine the rate of decomposition of PCE occurred after advanced oxidation. Material and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study conducted (2011) in public health faculty of Tehran University of medical sciences, gas chromatographic was used to measure PCE and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for intermediate products. Chemical oxidation involves ultrasonic waves, ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. Results: PCE was effectively decomposed by advanced oxidation processes. In these processes, the reaction rate was based on the equation of the first order and the rate of decomposition was proportional to the concentration. The higher was hydrogen peroxide, the more was decomposition, and the removal rate was higher at acidic PH. The intermediate products formed in the oxidation process were trichlorethylene, dihlorethylene, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid and chloroacetic acid. Conclusion: The toxicity of intermediate products formed by degradation of Perchloroethylene compared to its initial toxicity is low. But it is a necessity to elongate the processes for having complete destruction of intermediate compounds and preventing from their adverse effects on the environment and human health. Keywords: Perchloroethylene, Ultrasonic, Ultraviolet, Hydrogen Peroxide, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

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Abstract Background and Objective: CTX-M type extended spectrum beta-lactamases is a rapidly expanding group of enzymes encountered with increasing fre‌quency, especially, in Escherichia coli (E. coli). There are a few reports on phylogenetic background of E. coli isolates from clinical sources of under five-year- old children in Iran. The purpose of this study was phylotyping of E. coli isolates having blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-15 genes from under five-year- old children with diarrhea and urinary tract infection (UTI). Material and Methods: A total of 121 E. coli isolates (75 diarrheas and 46 UTI) were obtained and identified as E. coli based on standard bacteriological tests. DNA was extracted from E. coli isolates by alkaline lysis method. PCR assay was used because of high frequency of blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-15 genes in the isolates and also determination of phylogenetic group/subgroups by detection of yjaA and chuA genes and fragment TspE4.C2. Results: The isolates belonged to four phylogenetic groups A (48.77%), B1 (14.04%), B2 (11.57%), and D (25.62%). In the diarrheic isolates,17.37% were positive for blaCTX-M and 14.04% of isolates possessed both blaCTX-M and blaCTX-15genes.Out of 46 UTI isolates, 21.73% were positive for blaCTX-M and 15.21% for blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-15 genes. Conclusion: A rather high prevalence of E. coli isolates with blaCTX-M and blaCTX-M-15 genes was observed in fewer than five-year- old children in Khoramabad city. Phylotyping of isolates possessing blaCTX-M and blaCTX-15genes showed that most of them belonge to A and D phylo-groups. Keywords: Escherichia Coli, Phylogenetic Group, Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Contamination of environment to lead and copper is rising due to human activities. One of the best methods to remove heavy metals from the environment is bacterial remediation. This study aimed to isolate bacteria and investigate the mechanism of lead and copper bioremediation. Material and Methods: Heavy metal resistant bacteria were isolated from contaminated wastewater samples. The isolates with high resistance to lead and copper were selected for further studies and bioremediation was assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To determine the functional groups to remove metals, FT-IR was employed. In addition, plasmid curing was studied to determine the location of the genes that are resistance to heavy metals. Results: Ten bacterial isolates that are resistance to heavy metals were isolated. Among these, MKH3 with the highest remediation activity removed %90 lead and %92 copper from the growth medium. The absorption mechanism of MKH3 indicated that the functional groups such as carboxyl, amide, carbonyl and hydroxyl were most effective for removal of heavy metals from the growth medium. The results revealed that heavy metal resistant genes may be located on plasmid DNA. Furthermore, molecular identification demonstrated that MKH3 was similar to Enterobacterhormaechei with 98% homology. Conclusion: Bacterium isolated from a contaminated site showed the ability to remove a high amount of lead and copper. Thus, MKH3 could be useful for the bioremediation of heavy metals, particularly lead and copper, from industrial wastewater and contaminated sites. Keywords: Biosorption, Bacteria, Lead, Copper, FT-IR

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Abstract Background and Objective: Along with antibiotics, the use of biological methods to combat bacteria is notably considered. A natural barrier such as amniotic membrane is one of the ways of dealing with bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of human amniotic membrane. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed in Dezyani teaching Hospital of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. To evaluate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria, 20 amniotic membranes were obtained from postpartum mothers and examined by repeated dilution, diffusion and extraction techniques. Data were collected by observation method and described by mean and standard deviation. Results: The antibacterial activity was found in 15% of the samples against Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while no antibacterial activity was found against E. coli. Given the 15% positive responses, "Diffusion" and "repeated dilution" techniques were more effective in investigating the antibacterial effect of amniotic membrane. Conclusion: The results show the probability of antimicrobial effect of amniotic membrane tissue and it seems that this property can be affected by many factors. Keywords: Amniotic Membrane, Anti-Bacterial Properties, Laboratory Methods

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Abstract Background and Objective: With regard to high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its being significantly affected by nutritional factors, we aimed to determine the relationship between Ferritin serum level and ADHD. Material and methods: This ex-post- facto (causal comparative research) design study was conducted on 60 children, selected via convenience sampling. Thirty of them were ADHD children diagnosed by a psychiatrist using DSM IV checklist, as a case group, and the rest were healthy ones located in control group. Having their family informed consent, their Ferritin level was measured via ELIZA method. Results: The results show that Ferritin serum level of ADHD children are lower than that of healthy ones. Using t- test, it was indicated that the difference is significant (p= 0.002). Besides, the result of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is no significant relation between Ferritin and ADHD. Conclusion: In terms of the results and the importance of this issue, we recommend conducting further controlled research. Keywords: Ferritin, ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Abstract Background and Objective: Snake venom is a complex of several toxic elements and enzymes. It has the agents with the ability to destroy cellular and subcellular membrane and to bring about hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). Two types of direct and indirect hemolytic activity are known in snake venom in that phospholipase A2 is responsible for the indirect lysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of α-lipoic acid on hemolytic activity of Iranian Vipera Lebetina venom. Material and Methods: Protein concentration of the crude venom of Vipera Lebetina was determined using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Direct hemolytic activity of venom was determined by using the Human RBC and Indirect hemolytic activity was assayed on RBC in the presence of egg yolk. Then, α-lipoic acid with different concentrations in 100 mM Tris-HCL buffer was applied and its effect on hemolysis of RBC was studied. Results: direct hemolytic activity on RBC was not observed while its indirect activity was detected to be increased proportional to different concentration of α-lipoic acid. The range of indirect hemolysis was increased up to 60% by 60µm α-lipoic acid. Conclusion: Not only has α-lipoic acid no inhibitory effects on the hemolytic activity of Iranian Vipera Lebetina venom but also has the positive effects on it. Keywords: Iranian Vipera Lebetina Venom, Direct Hemolytic, Indirect Hemolytic, α-Lipoic Acid, Phospholipase A2